📝 Section Review: IP Routing
اہم نکاتKey TakeawaysKey Takeaways
- روٹنگ packets کو نیٹ ورکس کے درمیان لے جاتی ہے؛ routing table ہر destination کے لیے next hop decide کرتی ہے۔Routing packets ko networks ke darmiyan le jati hai; routing table har destination ke liye next hop decide karti hai.Routing moves packets between networks; the routing table decides the next hop for each destination.
- سٹیٹک routes simple ہوتے ہیں لیکن adapt نہیں ہوتے؛ انہیں چھوٹے نیٹ ورکس یا default paths کے لیے use کریں۔Static routes simple hote hain lekin adapt nahi hote; inhein chhote networks ya default paths ke liye use karein.Static routes are simple but do not adapt; use them for small networks or default paths.
- OSPF link-state protocol ہے: neighbors LSAs exchange کرتے ہیں اور ہر router cost سے shortest path نکالتا ہے۔OSPF link-state protocol hai: neighbors LSAs exchange karte hain aur har router cost se shortest path nikalta hai.OSPF is a link-state protocol: neighbors exchange LSAs and each router computes shortest paths with cost.
- OSPF areas بڑے نیٹ ورکس کو organize کرتے ہیں؛ Area 0 backbone ہے جس سے سب areas جڑتے ہیں۔OSPF areas bade networks ko organize karte hain; Area 0 backbone hai jis se sab areas jorte hain.OSPF areas organize large networks; Area 0 is the backbone that all areas connect to.
- OSPFv3 OSPF کے concepts کو IPv6 پر چلاتا ہے — logic وہی، address family نئی۔OSPFv3 OSPF ke concepts ko IPv6 par chalata hai — logic wohi, address family nayi.OSPFv3 runs OSPF concepts over IPv6 — same logic, new address family.
خود جانچ (مشق)Self-Check (Practice)Self-Check (Practice)
یہ مشقی سوالات ہیں، امتحانی سوالات نہیں۔These are practice questions, not exam questions.These are practice questions, not exam questions.
❓ Practice: سٹیٹک اور dynamic روٹنگ میں کیا فرق ہے؟Practice: Static aur dynamic routing mein kya farq hai?Practice: What is the difference between static and dynamic routing?
Practice: سٹیٹک routes manually configure ہوتے ہیں اور fixed ہوتے ہیں۔ OSPF جیسے dynamic routing protocols routes خود سیکھتے ہیں اور failure پر adjust ہو جاتے ہیں۔Practice: Static routes manually configure hote hain aur fixed hote hain. OSPF jaise dynamic routing protocols routes khud seekhte hain aur failure par adjust ho jate hain.Practice: Static routes are manually configured and fixed. Dynamic routing protocols like OSPF learn routes automatically and adapt to failures.
❓ Practice: OSPF بہترین path کیسے چنتا ہے؟Practice: OSPF behtreen path kaise chunta hai?Practice: How does OSPF pick the best path?
Practice: OSPF neighbor relationship بناتا ہے، LSAs exchange کرتا ہے، اور ہر router Dijkstra سے shortest path نکالتا ہے — cost bandwidth پر based ہوتی ہے۔Practice: OSPF neighbor relationship banata hai, LSAs exchange karta hai, aur har router Dijkstra se shortest path nikalta hai — cost bandwidth par based hoti hai.Practice: OSPF builds a neighbor relationship, exchanges LSAs, and every router computes the shortest path using Dijkstra — cost based on bandwidth.
❓ Practice: OSPFv3 کیا ہے؟Practice: OSPFv3 kya hai?Practice: What is OSPFv3?
Practice: OSPFv3 IPv6 کے لیے OSPF ہے۔ یہ IPv6 addresses کے ساتھ directly چلتا ہے؛ concepts (areas, neighbors, cost) ویسے ہی رہتے ہیں۔Practice: OSPFv3 IPv6 ke liye OSPF hai. Ye IPv6 addresses ke saath directly chalta hai; concepts (areas, neighbors, cost) waise hi rehte hain.Practice: OSPFv3 is OSPF for IPv6. It runs natively with IPv6 addresses; the concepts (areas, neighbors, cost) stay the same.