Capstone: Multi-VLAN Enterprise Network
CCNA 200-301 v2.0 · Live Feb 3, 2027 (v1.1 valid through Feb 2, 2027) Cisco Packet Tracer
مقصدObjectiveObjective
اس capstone میں آپ multi-VLAN enterprise network بنائیں گے: 3 VLANs, Rapid PVST+, EtherChannel, inter-VLAN routing اور OSPF — سب ایک project میں۔Is capstone mein aap multi-VLAN enterprise network banayenge: 3 VLANs, Rapid PVST+, EtherChannel, inter-VLAN routing aur OSPF — sab ek project mein.In this capstone you'll build a multi-VLAN enterprise network: 3 VLANs, Rapid PVST+, EtherChannel, inter-VLAN routing, and OSPF — all in one project.
آسان مثالSimple AnalogySimple Analogy
اب آفس بڑا ہو گیا ہے: 3 departments، 2 switches، redundant links۔ جیسے بڑے شہر میں ہر محلے کا اپنا تھانہ (VLAN)، تھانوں کے درمیان چوراہے (trunk)، اور آگ بجھانے کا backup plan (STP + EtherChannel)۔ اس project میں آپ enterprise جیسا network بنائیں گے۔Ab office bara ho gaya hai: 3 departments, 2 switches, redundant links. Jaise bare sheher mein har mohalle ka apna thana (VLAN), thanon ke darmiyan chaurahay (trunk), aur aag bujhane ka backup plan (STP + EtherChannel). Is project mein aap enterprise jaisa network banayenge.The office has grown: 3 departments, 2 switches, redundant links. Like a big city where each neighborhood has its own police station (VLAN), intersections between them (trunk), and a firefighting backup plan (STP + EtherChannel). In this project you'll build an enterprise-style network.
سیٹ اپLab SetupLab Setup
R1-R2 OSPF سے connected۔ R1 SW1 سے، R2 SW2 سے۔ SW1-SW2 کے درمیان EtherChannel (2 links)۔ ہر switch پر 3 VLANs کے PCs۔ Devices: 2x Router 2911, 2x Switch 2960, 9x PC۔ ہر VLAN کے PCs کو اسی VLAN کا IP دو (10.10.10.x, 10.10.20.x, 10.10.30.x)، گیٹ وے راؤٹر کا sub-interface IP۔R1-R2 OSPF se connected. R1 SW1 se, R2 SW2 se. SW1-SW2 ke darmiyan EtherChannel (2 links). Har switch par 3 VLANs ke PCs. Devices: 2x Router 2911, 2x Switch 2960, 9x PC Har VLAN ke PCs ko usi VLAN ka IP do (10.10.10.x, 10.10.20.x, 10.10.30.x), gateway router ka sub-interface IP.R1-R2 connected via OSPF. R1 to SW1, R2 to SW2. EtherChannel between SW1-SW2 (2 links). Each switch has PCs in 3 VLANs. Devices: 2x Router 2911, 2x Switch 2960, 9x PC. Give each VLAN's PCs that VLAN's IP (10.10.10.x, 10.10.20.x, 10.10.30.x), gateway = the router's sub-interface IP.
اقداماتStepsSteps
Step 1
SW1: Rapid PVST+ آن کرو۔ یہ STP کا تیز ورژن ہے — loop سے بچاؤ کے لیے، یہی enterprise switching کی بنیاد ہے۔SW1: Rapid PVST+ on karo. Ye STP ka tez version hai — loop se bachao ke liye, yehi enterprise switching ki bunyad hai.SW1: turn on Rapid PVST+. It's the faster version of STP — to protect against loops, the foundation of enterprise switching.
enable configure terminal spanning-tree mode rapid-pvst
Step 2
SW1: تین VLANs بناؤ اور انہیں نام دو: 10 (HR)، 20 (FINANCE)، 30 (IT)۔SW1: teen VLANs banao aur unhein naam do: 10 (HR), 20 (FINANCE), 30 (IT).SW1: create three VLANs and name them: 10 (HR), 20 (FINANCE), 30 (IT).
vlan 10 name HR vlan 20 name FINANCE vlan 30 name IT exit
Step 3
SW1: EtherChannel۔ دو links (Fa0/1-2) کو ایک channel-group میں جوڑو اور port-channel کو trunk بناؤ — یہی enterprise redundancy ہے۔SW1: EtherChannel. Do links (Fa0/1-2) ko ek channel-group mein joro aur port-channel ko trunk banao — yehi enterprise redundancy hai.SW1: EtherChannel. Bundle two links (Fa0/1-2) into one channel-group and make the port-channel a trunk — that's enterprise redundancy.
interface range fa0/1 - 2 channel-group 1 mode active exit interface port-channel 1 switchport mode trunk exit
Step 4
R1: تینوں VLANs کے gateways sub-interfaces پر بناؤ (inter-VLAN routing)۔R1: teenon VLANs ke gateways sub-interfaces par banao (inter-VLAN routing).R1: build all three VLAN gateways on sub-interfaces (inter-VLAN routing).
interface g0/0.10 encapsulation dot1Q 10 ip address 10.10.10.1 255.255.255.0 exit interface g0/0.20 encapsulation dot1Q 20 ip address 10.10.20.1 255.255.255.0 exit interface g0/0.30 encapsulation dot1Q 30 ip address 10.10.30.1 255.255.255.0 exit
Step 5
R1: OSPF آن کرو تاکہ دوسرے راؤٹر تک routes خود پہنچیں۔ Router-id لگاؤ اور پورے 10.0.0.0 range کو area 0 میں ڈالو۔R1: OSPF on karo taake doosre router tak routes khud pohonchen. Router-id lagao aur poore 10.0.0.0 range ko area 0 mein daalo.R1: turn on OSPF so routes reach the other router automatically. Set the router-id and put the whole 10.0.0.0 range in area 0.
router ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1 network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0 exit
Step 6
Testing: Checklist: (1) ہر VLAN میں ping، (2) VLANs کے درمیان ping، (3) ایک EtherChannel link نکالو — ping چلتا رہے، (4) show spanning-tree میں blocking port دیکھو۔Testing: Checklist: (1) Har VLAN mein ping, (2) VLANs ke darmiyan ping, (3) Ek EtherChannel link nikalo — ping chalta rahe, (4) show spanning-tree mein blocking port dekho.Testing checklist: (1) ping within each VLAN, (2) ping between VLANs, (3) remove one EtherChannel link — ping should continue, (4) spot the blocking port in show spanning-tree.
تصدیقVerifyVerify
show etherchannel summary, show spanning-tree vlan 10, show ip ospf neighbor — تینوں ٹھیک ہوں تو project کامیاب۔show etherchannel summary, show spanning-tree vlan 10, show ip ospf neighbor — teeno theek hon to project kamyab.If show etherchannel summary, show spanning-tree vlan 10, and show ip ospf neighbor all look good, the project is a success.
show etherchannel summary show spanning-tree vlan 10 show ip ospf neighbor
خرابی دور کرناTroubleshootingTroubleshooting
⚠️ ایک switch کے PCs دوسرے switch تک نہیں جا رہے۔Ek switch ke PCs doosre switch tak nahi ja rahe.PCs on one switch can't reach the other switch.
✅ VLAN numbers دونوں switches پر ایک جیسے ہونے چاہئیں۔ show vlan brief سے match کرو۔VLAN numbers dono switches par same hone chahiye. show vlan brief se match karo.VLAN numbers must match on both switches. Compare with show vlan brief.
⚠️ Inter-VLAN routing کام نہیں کر رہی۔Inter-VLAN routing kaam nahi kar rahi.Inter-VLAN routing isn't working.
✅ Sub-interface کا encapsulation VLAN اور switch کے access VLAN کا number ایک ہونا چاہیے۔Sub-interface ka encapsulation VLAN aur switch ke access VLAN ka number same hona chahiye.The sub-interface's encapsulation VLAN and the switch's access VLAN number must match.
انٹرویو سوالاتInterview Q&AInterview Q&A
❓ Multi-VLAN enterprise design میں کیا کیا سوچنا پڑتا ہے؟Multi-VLAN enterprise design mein kya kya sochna parta hai?What do you need to consider in a multi-VLAN enterprise design?
VLANs کی تعداد، ہر VLAN میں hosts، redundancy کی ضرورت، اور مستقبل میں اضافہ — ان سب کو دیکھ کر design کرو۔VLANs ki tadaad, har VLAN mein hosts, redundancy ki zaroorat, aur mustaqbil mein izafa — in sab ko dekh kar design karo.The number of VLANs, hosts per VLAN, redundancy needs, and future growth — design with all of these in mind.